C-peptide testing

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What is C-peptide? C peptide originates in pancreatic beta cells as a byproduct of enzymatic cleavage of pro-insulin to insulin .C-peptide is a connecting peptide that gets released alongside insulin from the pancreas. While insulin helps usher glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream into cells for energy, C-peptide itself has no known function in the body. … Read more

sickling test |Sickling test procedure

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Introduction : Sickle cell disease is an inherited hemoglobin disorder  caused by a mutation in the sixth amino acid of the beta globin chain gene .  The molecular change in sickle cell  disease (SCD) is base substitution of valine for glutamate in the sixth position of beta globulin gene leading to production of abnormal hemoglobin S. HbS is … Read more

Pus cells in urine microscopy

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pus cells in urine

The presence of pus cells in the urine, also known as pyuria, is a sign of infection and inflammation in the urogenital system. Pus cells refers to presence of leukocytes in urine .It is produced by the body’s immune system to fight infection. A normal urine sample will have 0 – 5 WBC’s per HPF. Women … Read more

Reticulocyte count – procedure, corrected reticulocyte count

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Introduction : A reticulocyte count is a laboratory test that measures the number of immature red blood cells, known as reticulocytes, in the bloodstream. New methylene blue or brilliant cresyl blue (supravital stains) allow visualization of the reticulin network of erythrocyte  ribosome in  newly formed red blood cells Why Is Reticulocyte Count Important? Reticulocyte is … Read more

How to perform CSF Examination- Detailed procedure for Physical, chemical,cell counts

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CSF

What is CSF? Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an ultrafiltrate of plasma contained within the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid spaces of the cranium and spine. It performs vital functions, including providing nourishment, waste removal, and protection to the brain . CSF can be tested for the diagnosis of a variety of neurological diseases, … Read more

cardiac troponins -Troponin I ,Troponin T TEST

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TROPONIN I, Test for heart attack

The cardiac biomarker that is preferred for diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction is troponin, which may be either cardiac troponin T (cTnT) or cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Troponin (either cTnT or cTnI) is the preferred biomarker due to its superior sensitivity and accuracy. cTnT and cTnI are specific proteins found in cardiac muscle. They are … Read more

vitamin E test

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VITAMIN E testing,ataxia

Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin ,Vitamin E is best known for its antioxidant properties, which help neutralize free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules produced as a byproduct of normal metabolism or in response to environmental factors like pollution or UV radiation. These molecules can damage cells and contribute to aging and various … Read more

Perl’s Staining procedure (PERLS PRUSSIAN BLUE STAIN)

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Introduction Perl’s staining, also known as Prussian blue staining, is a specialized histochemical technique widely used in histopathology to detect the presence of iron in biological tissues. This method is particularly valuable in diagnosing various diseases related to iron metabolism, such as hemochromatosis and hemosiderosis. The staining highlights iron deposits, allowing pathologists to visualize and … Read more

zinc testing, plasma zinc test

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Zinc is an essential trace mineral, meaning that the body needs it in small amounts but cannot produce it on its own. It plays a pivotal role in numerous biological processes, acting as a cofactor for over 300 enzymes involved in various functions such as metabolism, immune function, DNA synthesis, and wound healing. Additionally, zinc … Read more

SERUM LIPASE TEST

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A serum lipase test is most commonly ordered to diagnose acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a sudden and severe inflammation of the pancreas, a large gland located behind the stomach. serum lipase levels are a vital for diagnosing and monitoring pancreatic disorders. Lipase in diagnosis of pancreatitis Serum amylase and lipase levels are typically elevated … Read more

SCC Cytology, squamous cell carcinoma

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SCC CYTOLOGY FEATURES

MICROSCOPY The smears of squamous cell carcinoma or metastatic Squamous cell carcinoma show clusters and sheets of malignant squamous cells accompanied by mature looking squamous epithelial cells. The cells exhibit marked pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and irregular nuclear contours. Numerous keratinized and non-keratinized squamous cells are observed. Some cells display prominent nucleoli. The nuclei show irregular chromatin … Read more

Pleural fluid analysis

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pleural fluid cytology smear showing metastatic cells of ovarian adenocarcinoma

Pleural fluid analysis aids in identifying the origin of pleural effusion, distinguishing between bacterial, tuberculosis, and viral infections, and facilitating the diagnosis and staging of malignancies. This examination serves as a crucial diagnostic tool for determining the specific underlying cause and guiding appropriate treatment strategies for pleural effusions. Clinical significance: Pleural fluid analysis is a … Read more

chronic myeloid leukemia-5th edition 2023

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CML WHO 5th edition UPDATE- key points

Acclerated phase is no longer required .

Resistance to TKI ( tyrosine kinase is important prognostic factor than Acclerated phase)

criteria for blast phase in CML

>/= 20 % Myeloid Blast in blood or bone marrow.

Presence of extramedullary prolioferation of blast

Presence of increased Lymphoblast in peripheral blood or bone marrow optial cytoff forlymphoblast is yet to be established , require more studies

The significance of low-level B-lymphoblasts remain unclear and require additional studies.

Read more

CML WHO 5th edition UPDATE- key points

Acclerated phase is no longer required .

Resistance to TKI ( tyrosine kinase is important prognostic factor than Acclerated phase)

criteria for blast phase in CML

>/= 20 % Myeloid Blast in blood or bone marrow.

Presence of extramedullary prolioferation of blast

Presence of increased Lymphoblast in peripheral blood or bone marrow optial cytoff forlymphoblast is yet to be established , require more studies

The significance of low-level B-lymphoblasts remain unclear and require additional studies.

Read more

Drug of abuse test in Urine

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DRUG OF ABUSE IN URINE RAPID TEST

Drug of abuse tests in urine are commonly conducted to detect the presence of specific drugs or their metabolites in an individual’s system. These tests are often used in various settings, including employment screenings, legal situations, and healthcare settings. The primary types of drug tests for urine include: Principle behind immunoassay tests involves the use … Read more

Serum Amylase test

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Serum amylase test is a blood test that measures the level of amylase in your body. Serum amylase is an easily and rapidly performed test that is commonly used to diagnose and monitor the treatment of pancreatitis or obstruction of the pancreatic duct. Amylase is an essential enzyme that plays a crucial role in the … Read more